The Origins of Western Notation

Modern music notation developed out of the so-called square notation and this out of the Latin neumes. The question of where these neumes came from has long been the subject of scholarly debate. As the author demonstrated in his three-volume Universale Neumenkunde published in German in 1970, there is a very close relationship between the Paleo-Byzantine notation and the Latin neumes. Although the study aroused a great deal of dispute, more recent studies have revealed that the relevance of the Neumenkunde remains essentially unchallenged after 40 years. Those path-breaking research results on the relationship of the Greek and Latin notational systems are now available for the first time in a completely revised and augmented English translation

La Séptima de Beethoven: la segunda Eroica

This article focuses on the study of Ludwig van Beethoven's (1770-1827) Seventh Symphony and its stylistic similarities to Symphony No. 3, so it can be considered a second Eroic Symphony. For this reason, the circumstances that gave rise to its creation have been taken into consideration, as well as the opinions of the author's contemporaries such as Czerny and Ries or the visions of Wagner and Mahler. The author also argues that other similarities with works of a heroic nature have gone unnoticed: the Danza eroica no. 8 from the "heroic-allegoric" ballet The Creatures of Prometheus op. 43 and the variation in G minor of the "Finale" from the Eroica Symphony itself (1803). The influence of political events of the time on the origin of works such as Wellington's Victory has also been taken into account.El presente artículo está centrado en el estudio de la Séptima Sinfonía de Ludwig van Beethoven (1770-1827) y en sus semejanzas estilísticas con la Sinfonía nº3, por lo puede ser considerada como una segunda Sinfonía Eroica. Para ello se ha tenido en consideración las circunstancias que dieron lugar a su creación, así como las opiniones de contemporáneos del autor como Czerny y Ries o las visiones de Wagner y Mahler. El autor defiende asimismo que han pasado desapercibidas otras similitudes con obras de carácter heroico: la Danza eroica nº 8 del ballet “heroico-alegórico” Las Criaturas de Prometeo op. 43 y la variación en sol menor del “Finale” de la propia Sinfonía Eroica (1803). Asimismo se ha tenido en cuenta la influencia ejercida por los acontecimientos políticos de su tiempo en el origen deobras como La victoria de Wellington

The Origins of Western Notation

Modern music notation developed out of the so-called square notation and this out of the Latin neumes. The question of where these neumes came from has long been the subject of scholarly debate. As the author demonstrated in his three-volume Universale Neumenkunde published in German in 1970, there is a very close relationship between the Paleo-Byzantine notation and the Latin neumes. Although the study aroused a great deal of dispute, more recent studies have revealed that the relevance of the Neumenkunde remains essentially unchallenged after 40 years. Those path-breaking research results on the relationship of the Greek and Latin notational systems are now available for the first time in a completely revised and augmented English translation

Eurozone Stock Market Reaction to Monetary Policy Interventions and Other Covariates

The joint effect of the global economic and sovereign debt crisis forced the European Central Bank (ECB) to apply conventional and non-standard expansionary monetary policy interventions in order to stabilize eurozone economies. We conducted a panel regression econometric analysis to study the influence of euro area monetary authority policy interventions, along with two main macroeconomic variables and a sentiment indicator, on market equity returns of eurozone countries for the period January 2007 to December 2017. Our findings suggest that conventional and non-standard monetary policy innovations had a positive lagged impact on equity returns of euro area monetary markets. More specifically, interest rate cuts evenly influenced market indices while non-conventional actions mainly affected core eurozone countries that were less affected by the crisis. We also document a strong negative relationship between inflation rates and market returns. In addition, the sentiment indicator produces positive effects on returns because it contains information that is not incorporated into other macro variables